Factors affecting loan repayment rate among smallholder farmers got loans from the Amhara Credit and Saving Institution: In the case of Habru District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The aim of this paper was to examine factors affecting loan repayment rate among smallholder farmers in the Habru District, Ethiopia, who had taken loans from the Amhara Credit and Saving Institution. In this study, both primary and secondary sources were used. The study employed a combination of multi-stage purposive and stratified sampling techniques in the selection of 384 borrowers from smallholder farmers in the study area. The Tobit model result found that a total of 10 out of the total 15 explanatory variables involved in the model were found to be statistically significant. According to the result demographic factors (age and household size), socio-economic factors (educational level, land size, livestock size, nonfarm income, purpose of borrowing), and institutional factors (road distance, contact with development agents, training received on loan use) were among the factors that influenced loan repayment rate of smallholder borrowers in the study area. Education level, land size, livestock size in tropical livestock unit, nonfarm income, purpose of borrowing, contact with agricultural extension agents, and training received on loan use were found to determine loan repayment rate of borrowers positively and significantly, while age, family size, and road distance were found to negatively and significantly determine loan repayment rate in the study area. Therefore, the overall results of this study underlined the great importance of the significant factors to profoundly achieve high repayment rate on borrowed funds from the Amhara Credit and Saving Institution in the studied area.

Rural Transformation in Various Ecosystem in Indonesia

The agricultural and rural sectors in Indonesia have experienced a dynamic transformation. This process of transformation reflected the changes in employment and income structure. This paper analyzes the changes in employment, income structures, and dietary patterns in various ecosystems, namely wetland paddy, dry land secondary, vegetables, and plantation. We use micro panel data collected from 1,155 rural households in 8 provinces, and 33 villages in Java and off-Java in 2007-2012 and 2016 -2018. The results showed that the share of agriculture employment decreased from 89.1 % in 2007 to 56.7 % in 2016 in the wetland paddy ecosystem, and the reverse was true for non-agricultural employment. Household income from agriculture was still dominant but showed a decreasing trend. The share of agriculture income declined; the most significant decline is in the wetland paddy ecosystem. Furthermore, a nonfarm income also tends to increase. Share of cereal consumption expenditure tends to decrease while processed foods and instant drinks tend to grow. For accelerating agricultural and rural transformation, government policy should focus on investment in rural infrastructure, promote labor and land markets, and build capacity building based on the need for a different ecosystem of the rural population.

Analysis of income determinants among rural households in Kosovo

Kosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe, despite the various poverty alleviation programs implemented by the authorities and the international funding community. This study aims to analyze income distribution inequality and factors behind rural households' poverty in Kosovo. Data on farm income, nonfarm income, unearned income, and socio-economic characteristics were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from 203 randomly selected households in Kosovo. Linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and different versions of poverty indexes were used to examine the data. One-quarter of households' income comes from nonfarm activities. The middle-income households had the highest potential to find alternative employment in the nonfarm sector. Years of education, household size, number of family members above the age of 18, and total income had a positive impact on nonfarm revenues. The poorest rural households had the highest share of income from farm activities (77.52%). Nonfarm revenues have a positive impact on poverty alleviation; thus, the study suggests adopting suitable rural policies to enhance nonfarm employment for vulnerable rural households. The agro-tourism sector and circular economy approaches in agriculture with the focus on renewable energy can be considered as potential sources of nonfarm income, which could lead to sustainable poverty reduction.

PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETAMBAK UDANG VANAME EKS PLASMA PT CENTRALPERTIWI BAHARI DESA BRATASENA ADIWARNA

This research aims to analyze household income, welfare, and factors that influence the household welfare of vaname cultivators ex-plasma PT Centralpertiwi Bahari. Data of this research was collected in Bratasena Adiwarna village in February 2018. Samples in this research were 70 shrimp cultivators households. Determination of samples with simple random sampling. Primary data was obtained by interviewing respondens, while secondary data was obtained from several related institution. Household income consists of shrimp income, nonshrimp, off-farm and nonfarm income. Household welfare level was analyzed by the Sajogyo criteria and poverty line according to BPS Lampung (2017). The factors that influence household welfare was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The research result showed that the average shrimp income in period I, II, and III were Rp7,986,264; Rp13,868,109; and Rp27,334,963; average household income was Rp64,902,569.00 per year, which was obtained from 70 percent of shrimp income, 10 percent of nonshrimp income, 2 percent of off-farm income, and 18 percent of nonfarm income. The household welfare level based on the Sajogyo indicator showed that 37 percent of household were in moderate and 63 percent were in decent living class, while the BPS poverty line shows that all of households were classified as nonpoor. The level of household welfare of ex-plasma PT Centralpertiwi Bahari was influenced by household income, and household dependents.Key words: income, vaname shrimp cultivator, welfare

Does Nonfarm Income Affect Agricultural Income and Investment in Pakistan?

The study investigates the impact of nonfarm income (NFI) on agricultural income and investment using the Pakistan Social and Living Measurement survey data for the year 2005-06. Results show that NFI negatively affects agricultural income and investment whenever it is statistically significant; and these effects are not same across the four provinces of Pakistan. The one to one comparison between the four provinces of the country shows that the effects of NFI on agricultural income and investment differ across provinces. The policy implication is that as compared to other sectors of the economy, agriculture generates low returns and consequently NFI is invested in other more productive sectors of the economy.

Ramifications of Households’ Nonfarm Income on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence From a Rural Area of Pakistan

Currently in Pakistan, the agricultural sector contributes up to 18.9% of the gross domestic product. As a result of modern science and technology development, the source of income for rural households is changing, and nonfarm income has become the main source. This study investigates the effects of nonfarm income on agricultural productivity in rural Pakistan. The current research data has been collected from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2017–2018, a sample of rural and urban areas designed by Pakistan’s Federal Bureau of Statistics. In this study, Heckman’s two-step procedure is used to tackle the problems of endogeneity and selection bias. The first phase, probit regression, indicates that the accessibility of banks, motorable roads, forest, telecommunication substructure, montane grasslands, and shrublands zone affects nonfarm income. On the other hand, the second stage, ordinary least squares regression, found a negative impact of nonfarm income on per capita farm income. Furthermore, results reveal that nonfarm household income has a significant positive effect on agricultural productivity.

Analisis EKONOMI USAHATANI PADI DAN KELAYAKAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI DI DESA SAMBENG KULON KECAMATAN KEMBARAN KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

This study aims to analyze the economic efficiency of rice farming and to measure the contribution of rice farming to total household income and to analyze the living standard of farm households in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas Regency. The study was conducted in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas District. There were 71 farm households selected by stratified random sampling. The analysis used to calculate the economic efficiency of rice farming is R/C ratio. The contribution of paddy farming to farm household income is obtained by dividing the income earned from rice farming by the total household income multiplied by 100 percent. The living standard is measured by calculating the farm household income divided by the number of dependents in order to get percapita income. This figure is then compared to the regency’s current decent living standard. The results of this study indicate that 1) rice farming in Sambeng Kulon village with an area of ​​≤ 0.5 Ha has a smaller profit (IDR2.718.580) compared with respondents who have land area> 0.5 Ha (IDR7.892.904), 2) the average contribution of rice farming income to farm households with landholding of ​​≤ 0.5 Ha (54,96 percent) is lower than the contribution of rice farming income obtained by respondents with landholding of > 0.5 Ha (77,43 percent), 3) the average income earned by respondents from rice farming (IDR1.624.961,00) is sufficient to meet the average household consumption of IDR 1,379,441.00, and 4) of 71 respondents in Sambeng Kulon Village, 63 respondents live below the decent living standard; after being added with nonfarm income, this figure decreased to 55 respondents. The implication of this research is that the respondents are expected to increase the landholding to increase income earned from rice farming or earn additional nonfarm income so that they can meet household consumption.

ANALISIS EKONOMI USAHATANI PADI DAN KELAYAKAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI DI DESA SAMBENG KULON KECAMATAN KEMBARAN KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

This study aims to analyze the economic efficiency of rice farming and to measure the contribution of rice farming to total household income and to analyze the living standard of farm households in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas Regency. The study was conducted in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas District. There were 71 farm households selected by stratified random sampling. The analysis used to calculate the economic efficiency of rice farming is R/C ratio. The contribution of paddy farming to farm household income is obtained by dividing the income earned from rice farming by the total household income multiplied by 100 percent. The living standard is measured by calculating the farm household income divided by the number of dependents in order to get percapita income. This figure is then compared to the regency’s current decent living standard. The results of this study indicate that 1) rice farming in Sambeng Kulon village with an area of ​​≤ 0.5 Ha has a smaller profit (IDR2.718.580) compared with respondents who have land area> 0.5 Ha (IDR7.892.904), 2) the average contribution of rice farming income to farm households with landholding of ​​≤ 0.5 Ha (54,96 percent) is lower than the contribution of rice farming income obtained by respondents with landholding of > 0.5 Ha (77,43 percent), 3) the average income earned by respondents from rice farming (IDR1.624.961,00) is sufficient to meet the average household consumption of IDR 1,379,441.00, and 4) of 71 respondents in Sambeng Kulon Village, 63 respondents live below the decent living standard; after being added with nonfarm income, this figure decreased to 55 respondents. The implication of this research is that the respondents are expected to increase the landholding to increase income earned from rice farming or earn additional nonfarm income so that they can meet household consumption.